The Oracle7 Server provides efficient, reliable, secure data management for applications ranging from high volume online transaction systems to query intensive data warehouse applications. Oracle7 not only supports the complex data management needs of businesses today, but it also provides the tools to manage the systems, flexibility to distribute the data to users effectively and efficiently, and scalability to achieve optimal performance from all available computing resources.
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IT Challenges
As strategic decisions are made, it is imperative that they are implemented quickly and efficiently so that the competitive advantage is not lost. Operational systems today need to be flexible and adaptable to change without incurring delays or cost overruns due to application or hardware issues. Businesses require enterprise systems that allow them to make strategic decisions based on information collected and analyzed, and then implement these decisions quickly and cost effectively. To meet these challenges, IT organizations need an enterprise software strategy for managing any data, in any application, at any scale. Oracle7 is the only open systems solution that meets the demands of high-transaction OLTP systems, query processing in large-scale data warehouses, and manageability requirements of businesses who are distributing data throughout the corporate enterprise and the Internet. Oracle7 leverages your investment in development, deployment, and maintenance of applications by providing a single product to deliver the maximum benefits of open, multimedia systems across your enterprise, while minimizing the risks, complexity, and costs of moving to both centralized and distributed application environments. |
Enterprise-Class Transaction Processing
Oracle7's scalable, reliable architecture delivers unmatched scalability, availability, and performance needed for mission-critical online transaction processing systems. Integrated, dynamic facilities ensure that Oracle7 and the Oracle7 Parallel Server TM make efficient use of all system resources on hardware ranging from uniprocessors to symmetric multiprocessors (SMP) to clusters to massively parallel processors (MPP).
Superior Scalability for Transaction Processing
The architecture of Oracle7 provides OLTP applications with
scalability to support large number of users and high-volume
transaction workloads. Oracle7 provides exceptional scalability on
SMP, clustered, and MPP machines.
OLTP applications take advantage of Oracle7's parallel architecture by distributing tasks across multiple processors or machines, such as in a clustered environment, which improves individual transaction response times and overall system throughput. An automatic, dynamic self-tuning capability balances processing workload evenly across allocated hardware and operating system resources.
Additional processors and/or nodes can be added to expand your configuration incrementally as both your organization and data volumes grow-with minimal disruption to your existing environment-resulting in dramatic performance improvements and breakthrough price/performance.
High Availability for Transaction Processing
Mission-critical, OLTP systems require high availability so your
business can continue to operate when a hardware failure occurs. The
Oracle7 Parallel Server uniquely extends the reliability of open
systems applications by transparently harnessing the power of
clustered computers in a single logical processing "complex" that can
tolerate individual machine and/or node failures without loss of data
availability. The Oracle7 Parallel Server also supports hybrid
configurations, combining elements of clustered and MPP architectures.
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Oracle7 with Parallel Server provides superior scalability to meet increasing transaction processing requirements while assuring high availability in case of hardware failure or site disaster. |
High Performance for Transaction Processing
For high-performance transaction processing, the Oracle7
multi-threaded, multi-server architecture coordinates thousands of
simultaneous user requests. Individual requests are queued and
serviced by a minimum of server processes.
Sophisticated caching of database blocks, SQL execution plans, and executable stored procedures takes maximum advantage of available server memory. Available system resources can be precisely allocated with a high degree of control, optimizing performance to the capabilities of the system and to the system workload on a dynamic basis. I/O operations are similarly specialized, utilizing different techniques such as asynchronous and multi-block reads and writes to improve response times and overall system throughput for all users and all requests. Stored procedures and database triggers are stored in compiled form, allowing them to be executed directly without recompilation or parsing, resulting in optimum run-time performance.
Transactional Data Access
Oracle7 offers a number of different access paths for locating transactional data quickly and efficiently, including fast full table scans, B-tree single column and concatenated-index scans, clustered (pre-joined) tables, hash cluster indexes (utilizing a single column, or an application-specific SQL hash function), and unique row identifiers. The Oracle7 cost-based optimizer dynamically selects the fastest available access path, and satisfies query requests directly from indexes, whenever possible.
High-Performance Concurrency Control
With other database systems, applications can become "contention
bound" with performance limited by transactions that lock data at the
page level or escalate lower-level locks, regardless of available CPU
power or I/O bandwidth. Oracle7 employs full, unrestricted row-level
locking for data and indexes, and never escalates locks to ensure
maximum concurrent access to data. Oracle7's high-performance,
scalable sequence number generator eliminates application contention
to obtain unique numeric key values, a common requirement in
transaction processing applications.
Reliable Query Results
Oracle7 effectively supports mixed workload environments
characterized by simultaneous query and update activity. Many
databases force users to choose between good performance and
guaranteed data consistency-one coming at the expense of the other.
Oracle7's non-blocking, multi-version read consistency always provides
users with consistent query results, while never imposing a
performance penalty on concurrent update activity.
Enterprise-Class Data Warehousing
Data warehouse applications require different processing
techniques than OLTP applications due to the complex, ad hoc queries
running against large amounts of data. To address these special
requirements, Oracle7 offers a rich variety of query processing
techniques, sophisticated query optimization to choose the most
efficient data access path, and a scalable architecture that takes
full advantage of all parallel hardware configurations.
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Oracle7 provides exceptional data warehouse performance through advanced optimization techniques, parallelization of critical query, data load, and data aggregation operations, and superior scalability in SMP, clustered, MPP, and hybrid configurations. |
Rich Query Processing Techniques
Successful data warehouse applications rely on superior
performance when accessing the enormous amounts of stored data.
Oracle7 provides a rich variety of integrated indexing schemes and
join methods to delivery answers quickly to data warehouse users.
Bitmapped Indexes
Bitmapped indexes deliver dramatic performance benefits to data warehouse applications. Bitmapped indexes are fully integrated into the Oracle7 Server, and coexist with and complement other available indexing schemes including standard B-tree indexes, clustered table indexes, and hash clusters. While B-tree indexes may be the most efficient index to retrieve data using a unique identifier, bitmapped indexes are most efficient when retrieving data based on much wider criteria, such as "How many red cars were sold last month?" In data warehouse applications, end-users often query data based on these wider criteria. Since the bitmapped indexes are integrated within the Oracle7 Server, they are automatically maintained even when the indexed values in tables are inserted, updated, or deleted, making index "refreshes" unnecessary, unlike other implementations of bitmapped indexes.Hash Joins
Hash joins deliver dramatic performance improvements over other join methods in many complex queries, especially for those queries where existing indexes cannot be leveraged in join processing, a common occurrence in ad hoc query environments. Oracle7's hash joins eliminate the need to perform sorts by using an in-memory hash table constructed at run-time. They are also ideally suited for scalable parallel execution.Partitioned Data
Oracle7 supports efficient management and access of very large database objects through partition views. Partition views allow a large table to be divided into smaller, more manageable sub-tables or partitions. A partition view simplifies data management operations by allowing data loads, index creation, and data purges to be done at the partition level, rather than on the entire table. Partition elimination and intelligent index utilization provide excellent query performance on partition views.
Sophisticated SQL Optimizer
Oracle7's numerous, powerful query processing techniques are completely transparent to the end user. The Oracle7 cost-based optimizer dynamically determines the most efficient access paths and join methods for every query.
To choose the most efficient query execution strategy, the Oracle7 cost-based optimizer takes into account statistics, such as the size of each table and the selectivity of each query condition. Histograms provide the cost-based optimizer with more detailed statistics for skewed, non-uniform data distribution.
The cost-based optimizer considers many other constraints when choosing an execution strategy. The user or application can specify whether it is more desirable to return the first row of a query quickly, or to complete the entire query before returning the data. The cost-based optimizer is also "parallel aware," which means it considers the availability of parallel resources when choosing the most efficient execution strategy.
The cost-based optimizer has been tuned for many specialized data warehouse queries, such as star-queries. The cost-based optimizer selects the most efficient execution strategies for all star queries, even complex "snowflake" queries.
Because the cost-based optimizer considers not only query syntax, but also dynamic database statistics and parallel capabilities, Oracle7 efficiently processes ad hoc and complex queries common in data warehouse applications.
Scalable Parallel Query Architecture
In addition to efficient query processing techniques and
sophisticated query optimization techniques, data warehouse servers
must also provide scalable performance for processing large amounts of
data. Oracle7's superior, integrated parallel query architecture
provides excellent scalability on SMP, MPP, and hybrid hardware
platforms.
Oracle7's parallel query architecture increases the performance of database operations by dynamically subdividing these operations into distinct tasks, and distributing the workload across all multiple processors. Oracle7 parallelizes more operations than any other database product. A partial list includes: n table scans n tablespace creation n sorts (ORDER BY) n data loading n aggregation (GROUP BY) n index creation n table creation n recovery (CREATE TABLE�AS SELECT)
The most outstanding feature of Oracle's parallel query architecture is its ability to perform on all varieties of parallel hardware systems. Oracle's parallel query is adaptive; it intelligently chooses the most appropriate parallel processing method for its hardware environment.
On an SMP platform, Oracle7 symmetrically parallelizes a database operation across all available processors. "Data shipping" is employed for inter-node communication, the most efficient method for these platforms.
On an MPP platform, Oracle7 transparently exploits data locality. Each processor will be assigned to work on its local data partitions. Moreover, Oracle7 always utilizes all available processors, independent of how the data is partitioned. If one processor is overloaded, Oracle7 will dynamically assign remote processors to the task. Oracle7 makes extensive use of "function shipping" on these platforms to minimize data transfer across the inter-connect.
Oracle7's adaptive parallel architecture combines the best elements of "shared disk" and "shared nothing" approaches and provides excellent load balancing and dynamic load- distribution. Oracle7 is a proven solution that enables customers to realize the maximum potential of parallel performance.
High-Availability Support
High-Availability Operations
Oracle7's online backup facility allows administrators to perform
backup activities while the database is running and without
interrupting transaction processing-even during periods of heavy OLTP
usage. Should a device containing user data fail, lost datafiles can
be recovered on another device while Oracle7 continues processing
requests directed at the remainder of the database. Oracle7 can use
multiple processes to recover the database in parallel, speeding the
online recovery. Oracle7 incorporates a deferred transaction recovery
mechanism to facilitate faster database startup following a system
crash. Rollback operations related to uncommitted transactions are
performed in parallel after startup, providing earlier system
availability and improved performance.
Oracle7 also supports read-only tablespaces, saving time by eliminating backup and recovery of static data. Oracle7 includes a number of features that promote high availability in the presence of media failures or errors. Mirrored, multisegment logs ensure that critical log data remains available if a log device fails. Optional checksum computation and verification for database blocks and redo log blocks facilitates earlier detection and improves diagnosis of media errors.
High-Availability Applications
In addition to providing scalable performance for OLTP and data warehouse applications, the Oracle7 Server ensures high availability of your applications by providing a variety of implementation options for disaster recovery, allowing you to choose which is the most appropriate for your application. The Oracle7 Parallel Server, the Oracle7 standby database feature, and Oracle7 Symmetric ReplicationTM are methods for providing high availability for applications. Each is an integrated, supported function of the Oracle7 Server.
The Oracle7 Parallel Server ensures that your data is accessible in the event of a node failure when operating in a clustered computer environment. If any node in the system should fail, affected users can simply log in to another operating node and resume processing. Transactions committed on the failed node but not written back to the database files are automatically recovered by one of the remaining nodes, while transactions that were "in-flight" (not committed) are automatically rolled back.
The Oracle7 standby database feature provides a reliable and supported mechanism for implementing a standby database system to facilitate rapid disaster recovery. The scheme uses a secondary system on duplicate hardware, maintained in a constant state of media recovery through application of log files archived at the primary site. In the event of a primary system failure, the standby database can be activated with minimal recovery, providing immediate system availability.
Oracle7 Symmetric Replication can also be used to provide high data availability. You can replicate data from your primary system to one or more alternative sites. Each alternative site is fully accessible and can be used for query access, and in some cases, for updates as well. In the event of a system failure, your application can failover to any of the alternative sites, providing continuous data availability.
Web Integration
Oracle7 includes the Oracle WebServer,TM which can be used to fully integrate your existing Oracle7 business applications with Web technology and safely deploy them inside or outside your corporate firewall.
The Oracle WebServer enables stored procedures to be invoked by clients using Web browsers to generate dynamic Web documents, so that Web pages are no longer limited to displaying information from static files.
Enterprise-Wide Distributed Solutions
The benefits of open, relational technology cannot be achieved without transparent integration of new and existing systems. Oracle7 provides flexible, integrated, manageable distributed database facilities that make the integration of enterprise data practical. With Oracle7, developers and end users can treat a physically distributed database as a single logical database, accessing and updating data anywhere in a distributed network with the same ease as if the data resided on a single, local machine. Even production applications can be distributed across multiple systems.
Data Replication
Oracle7 delivers comprehensive synchronous and asynchronous replication capabilities, including basic replication provided by read-only snapshots and Oracle7 Symmetric Replication, the industry's most advanced asynchronous distributed technology. All functionality is fully integrated with the Oracle7 Server, providing a highly manageable solution that maximizes performance and ensures compatibility with all server functionality.
For high availability and efficient local access, Oracle7 snapshots automatically create and maintain read-only copies of data at multiple locations. Incremental row changes are propagated on demand or at time-based intervals using a fast refresh mechanism. Groups of related snapshots can be refreshed to the same point in time, for example, to preserve parent/child relationships. Snapshots provide users with the performance and availability they require with minimal administrative burden.
With Oracle7 Symmetric Replication, you can implement a wide variety of data ownership models, giving you maximum flexibility to meet your business needs. You are not limited to read-only copies. Your options include dynamic data ownership, where the right to update moves from site to site; an update-anywhere model allowing multiple locations to update the replicated data at the same time; and fail-over configurations. Oracle7 provides built-in capabilities for detecting and resolving conflicts, and Oracle Replication Manager,TM a component of Oracle Enterprise Manager,TM that allows administrators to easily configure and operate replicated databases
Transparent Distributed Query
With Oracle7, a single SQL statement can query data from multiple databases and even perform complex joins of data physically stored in different servers. Distributed optimization techniques select efficient execution plans and minimize data transmission over slow networks. Location transparency allows applications to be developed without knowledge of the location of data, and ensures that applications never need recoding if data moves from one node to another. Network transparency leverages existing networks and protocols available to efficiently transmit data between servers and return results to clients. Distributed query functionality is tightly integrated into the core Oracle7 architecture, allowing sites to operate autonomously, and preserving compatibility with all server functionality.
Transparent Distributed Transactions
Oracle7 employs a robust, transparent two-phase commit mechanism
to ensure the integrity of distributed update transactions. Updates
may be performed by remote or distributed SQL statements, or through
remote procedure calls (RPCs) to distributed Oracle7 servers. Commit
transparency ensures that all sites automatically commit or roll-back
in response to the single standard SQL COMMIT statement-no complex
procedural or 3GL coding is required. Oracle7 automatically detects
failure conditions, and if necessary, automatically resolves them
without manual intervention.
Integrating Non-Oracle Systems
Oracle7's open architecture integrates Oracle7 and non-Oracle data sources and the industry's most comprehensive collection of tools, applications, and third-party software products into an industry-standard environment. The Oracle Open GatewayTM product family adds data source transparency to Oracle7's transparent distributed query and distributed transaction facilities. Oracle Transparent GatewaysTM provide transparent SQL access to non-Oracle data sources, while Oracle Procedural GatewaysTM provide transparent procedural (RPC) access to virtually any non-Oracle system. Distributed queries and distributed transactions can include one or more non-Oracle systems, coordinated by Oracle7. Oracle7 also provides an XA-compliant interface that allows external transaction managers, such as TP monitors, to coordinate distributed transactions that span Oracle and non-Oracle systems.
Enterprise Applications Development
Oracle7 includes the powerful, flexible, scalable application development features necessary to construct a new generation of sophisticated applications at low cost. Declarative facilities ensure scalable, reliable enforcement of data integrity while minimizing development, maintenance, and administration costs. PL/SQL,TM an advanced procedural 4GL language tightly integrated with the Oracle7 Server, provides the power to easily express complex business rules as stored, procedural code. The Oracle7 programmatic interfaces enable 3GL programs to access and manipulate Oracle7 Server data and schemas. Oracle7's productive development features improve application performance, scalability, and security to support hundreds of applications and thousands of users.
Powerful, Flexible SQL Language
Oracle7's 100-percent ANSI/ISO SQL92 entry-level compliant SQL implementation ensures a fully open application development environment. In addition, Oracle7 offers a number of robust SQL extensions that allow complex operations to be expressed in SQL, improving developer productivity by reducing the need for procedural code. Application performance and scalability are enhanced by performing complex data manipulation operations within the Oracle7 SQL engine.
Server-Based Business Rules
The Oracle7 Server allows you to enforce constraints, either for database integrity purposes or business-related rules, at the database level, providing you with the greatest amount of security and business rule enforcement. Through the use of declarative integrity constraints, database procedures, and database triggers, Oracle7 enforces your application business rules easily and securely.
With PL/SQL stored procedures, functions, packages, and database triggers, you can enforce complex business rules at the server level, improving application performance, scalability and security, and reducing development costs. Procedures and functions can accept arguments from calling client applications, and return one or more result values. Packages group together definitions of related procedures, functions, variables, cursors, and other database objects to improve development productivity. Database triggers are executed automatically, either once per row or once per statement, when rows are inserted, updated, or deleted from Oracle7 tables, and can be used to enforce complex integrity rules within the server. Oracle7' s robust trigger implementation is modeled closely on the draft ANSI/ISO SQL3 specification.
Productive Application Development
Oracle7 stored procedures and triggers improve application development scalability and productivity by allowing common procedures to be developed once and maintained in a central location instead of in every application. They improve application performance and scalability by allowing application logic to be invoked with a single call, minimizing usage of slow networks, and by isolating application processing on the server. Oracle7's stored procedure implementation also supports automatic dependency tracking for scalable application development. Oracle7 stored procedures can dynamically define and execute SQL statements, permitting especially powerful and flexible procedures. User-defined functions referenced from SQL statements improve productivity by enhancing the power of SQL, and enhance performance by executing application-specific logic within the server. PL/SQL cursor variables provide a handle to a SQL query, allowing stored procedures to encapsulate statically or dynamically defined queries, and return one or more multi-row result sets to calling applications.
Productive 3GL Programmatic Interfaces
The Oracle Precompilers provide a high-level, highly productive embedded SQL interface to the Oracle7 Server that is 100-percent compliant with ANSI/ISO standards. The Oracle Call InterfaceTM provides a low-level, native procedure/function call interface to the server that allows absolute control over SQL statement processing. Oracle SQL*Module� supports the ANSI/ISO SQL module language and promotes developer specialization by separating application development and database programming tasks. The Oracle Programmatic Interfaces can be used individually or combined to accommodate different development styles and obtain the exact features desired for a given application.
Comprehensive National Language Support
Oracle7 national language support (NLS) ensures that error messages, sort order, date format, and other conventions automatically adapt to the native language. Parameter settings at the Oracle and operating system levels determine the behavior of individual conventions. Oracle7 supports deployment of heterogeneous client/server and distributed database
configurations by automatically and transparently performing any necessary character-set conversions. Separate national calendars, including Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, Thai Buddha, Persian, and Arabic Hijrah, are supported. Arabic and Hebrew display character set support is also available. Oracle7 provides extensive 8- and 16-bit character set support, including the Unicode variable-width UTF-2 encoding.
Enterprise Data Security
Oracle7, together with Oracle SQL*Net,� provides comprehensive, flexible, and reliable facilities to ensure proper user authentication, guarantee the privacy and integrity of data, manage the assignment of database privileges, and monitor database operations across the enterprise, including today's vulnerable intranet and Internet environments.
User Authentication
Oracle7 normally performs user authentication internally by verifying the password provided at login time. Optionally, authentication may be performed externally by the operating system or a security package, or with the Oracle7 Advanced Networking OptionTM by an external authentication service such as a network operating system, network security service (e.g., Kerberos, SESAME, DCE), or authentication device (e.g., smart cards). This allows you to centrally manage Oracle security for the entire database or network, reducing administration costs considerably by specifying security policies once and enforcing them network-wide.
Database Privileges
Database privileges authorize users to perform certain SQL operations, such as insert, update, or delete, on selected database objects. Oracle7's fine-grained privileges allow you to precisely enforce database security policies, ensuring users have only the privileges they require.
Hierarchical Security Roles
Roles are used to group together privileges on tables and other database objects and granting them to individual users or groups of users as a whole. In this way, security administrators can authorize users to run entire applications with a single GRANT statement, thus significantly reducing the burden and cost of security management. Unlike other RDBMSs that have a single, all-powerful DBA, Oracle7 roles allow organizations to have multiple DBAs and precisely control the special privileges each DBA is given. Oracle7's specification of roles was accepted by the ISO and ANSI standard SQL committees as the basis for future SQL security standards. When combined with the Advanced Networking Option, privilege management can be externalized to an enterprise security server, such as the DCE Security Service or SESAME.
Auditing
Oracle7 provides integrated, flexible, reliable auditing capabilities that ensure all database operations of interest are recorded at the appropriate level of granularity. The AUDIT command declaratively enables the auditing of successful and/or unsuccessful user actions during a session and user attempts to access database objects. Audit trail data are securely recorded in the Oracle7 data dictionary and/or operating system files. Procedural auditing via stored PL/SQL procedures and database triggers can be used to perform application-specific or context-sensitive auditing.
Network Security
Oracle7 always encrypts password information at sign-on time as it travels over your client/server network. With the Advanced Networking Option, full client-server, server-server, and server-gateway datastreams can be encrypted, guaranteeing the privacy and integrity of network communications. Attempts to modify, intercept, or replay messages terminate the current operation and are logged. The Oracle7 Advanced Networking Option and SQL*Net work over all popular network protocols, and network security is completely transparent to all existing applications.
Enterprise Systems Management
Oracle Enterprise Manager is an open and comprehensive family of systems management products that contain open interfaces for third-party and customer applications, including integration with all the major network management platforms. The product family consists of next-generation systems management tools designed to efficiently manage the complete Oracle environment, including systems, databases, networks, and applications, reducing the number of hours administrators need to spend managing complex production environments.
Oracle Enterprise Manager's client/server architecture, which is both scalable and lightweight, consists of a centralized console, common services, and intelligent agents running on the managed nodes. The console provides a central point of control for the Oracle environment, with common services that provide a job scheduling system and an event management system. The job scheduling system allows administrators to schedule repetitive jobs on remote sites, such as backing up the database or running reports, making a "lights out" systems management operation possible. The event management system monitors specific events at the central or remote sites and alerts the administrator, or takes an automatic corrective action, when a problem is detected.
Integrated database administrator applications running on top of the console include tools for handling user and group administration, storage management, backup/recovery, import/export, and data loading. Also included is Oracle Software Manager which distributes and installs both Oracle and non-Oracle software, and performs license and asset management.
Performance Management and Tuning
Oracle provides an advanced package of tools for performance tuning and diagnostics, known as the Oracle Enterprise Manager Performance Pack.TM The Performance Pack consists of products that help the administrator with performance management, tuning, and diagnostics. Oracle Trace and Oracle Expert enable application performance tracing and expert database tuning. Other functionality includes a graphical performance monitor, drill-down session analysis, object views of tablespaces, and advanced event management.
Open Server Monitoring
So it can easily integrate and function within your existing system management framework, Oracle7 includes full support for SNMP, a de facto standard that supports the monitoring and administration of components in a distributed computing environment. SNMP Management Information Bases (MIBs) define a series of objects (variables) which can be polled to monitor the operation and performance of a managed component. Oracle7 implements the IETF standard public RDBMS MIB, and an Oracle7-specific private database MIB, including a replication MIB for monitoring Oracle7 Symmetric Replication. Oracle7 SNMP support easily integrates with third-party SNMP-based network and system management environments.
Information Management without Limits
Oracle7 provides a single database management system that can satisfy all of your data requirements now and in the future. The Oracle ConText OptionTM enables Oracle7 to manage text with the same security, scalability, integrity, and intelligence as it manages structured data. The Oracle Spatial Data OptionTM allows you to efficiently store, access, and manipulate your spatial data in the same way as your structured data. And the Oracle Video Server OptionTM stores, manages, and delivers high-resolution, full-screen video and high-fidelity audio from a server to a client over a corporate network.
Hardware and Software Requirements
Oracle7 is fully portable to more than 80 distinct hardware and
operating system platforms, including 40+ UNIX, VMS, MVS, VM, HP
MPE/XL, Siemens, ICL, Novell Netware, OS/2, Windows, Windows NT, and
Macintosh.
Transaction Processing and Decision Support
Transaction Processing
Oracle7 Parallel Server*
SQL Optimizer
Transactional Data Access
Concurrency Control and Reliable Results
Oracle7 Parallel Query*
High Availability
Distributed Systems
Distributed Queries and Transactions
Open Gateways
Data Replication
Application Development
SQL Implementation
Declarative Integrity Constraints
Stored Procedures
Database Triggers
Programmatic Interfaces
National Language Support
Data Security
Systems Management
Oracle Enterprise Manager
*** Requires Oracle Advanced Networking Option
** Requires Oracle or 3rd-party tool, Oracle Precompiler, or
Oracle SQL*Module
* Requires appropriate optional feature bundle: Parallel Query
option, Distributed option, Parallel Server option, or Advanced
Replication option